KHARIF CROP-JOWAR(Sorgham)

                    Sorgham(Jowar)

Name :-SORGHAM -jowar

Botanical name :-(SORGHAM bicolor)

Kingdom:Plantae

Clade:Angiosperms

Clade:Monocots

Clade:Commelinids

Order:Poales

Family:Poaceae

Subfamily:Panicoideae

Supertribe:Andropogonodae

Tribe:Andropogoneae

Genus:Sorghum

Species:SORGHAM bicolor

ORIGIN:-

HISTORY OF SORGHUM

The origin and early domestication of sorghum took place in Northeastern Africa. The earliest known record of sorghum comes from an archeological dig at Nabta Playa, near the Egyptian-Sudanese border, dated 8,000 B.C. Sorghum spread throughout Africa, and along the way, adapted to a wide range of environments from the highlands of Ethiopia to the semi-arid Sahel.

DISTRIBUTION:-

The International Crops Research Institute for Semiarid Tropics (ICRISAT) at Hyderabad, India is the major germplasm collection centre and serve to disseminate sorghum accessions all over the world. The National Centre for Sorghum at Hyderabad in India and one at Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria are the national germplasm repositories.

Over 90 per cent of the Indian sorghum is grown between 12° and 26°N and 72° and 80°NE comprising central and Peninsular India. African sorghum is grown between 10° and 23°S and 15° and 35°E longitudes. The average temperature range in sorghum areas is between 27° and 35°C. The crop season on an average receive around 600 mm rainfall

SEED RATE/Hectare:-

The seed rate varies from 6 to 15 kg/ha. But the weight of seed planted is not a good measure of population since seed weight varies considerably i.e. 2 to 4 g per 100 seeds among various hybrids and improved varieties. Establishing optimum plant population in unit area is more important than the seed rate.

SPACING:-

The wider rows help sorghum to survive – and even thrive – during short periods of drought. Common row spacing in these environments is 36 to 40 inches but can go as wide as 60 inches. Growers may also use wider rows when they expect wet conditions at or around planting time

VARITY:-

CLIMATE:-

Sorghum requires warm conditions but it can be grown under a wide range of conditions. It is also widely grown in temperate regions and at altitudes of up to 2300 m in the tropics.It can tolerate high temperature throughout its life cycle better than any other crop.
Sorghum requires about 26-30oC temperature for good growth. The minimum temperature for the germination of the sorghum seed is 7 to 10oC.
         Grain sorghum does not germinate and grow well under cool soil    conditions. Poor emergence and seedling growth may result if planted before soil temperatures reach 35oC. Sorghum is best adapted to areas having an average annual rainfall between 45 to 65 cm (17 to 25 inches).

MANURE AND FERTILISER:-

Sorghum is a relatively heavy user of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). Hence, application of fertilizers is essential to boost the yield and get higher returns.The deficiency of micro nutrients in some soils may also limit the production.

Estimating Requirements

Take soil samples and analyse for the nutrient status before raising the crop. Apply the NPK fertilizers as per soil test recommendations. If soil test recommendations are not available apply full dose of recommended fertilizer.

Major And Micro Nutrients

Nitrogen

Nitrogen is essential for protein synthesis, growth and root development.A kilogram of nitrogen increase yield by 15-18 kg of grain yield.Nitrogen requirement for sorghum is 90 kg/ha. Apply half the dose basally before planting. If basal application is not possible the same could be top dressed within 24 hours. Apply the balance , 30 days after sowing and irrigate.

Phosphorus

It is an essential component of many plant compounds. Deficiency of phosphorus delays flowering and maturity. Marginal leaf necrosis and chlorosis are symptoms of deficiency.Grain yield increases between 7 to 20 kg per kg of phosphorus applied .The recommended dose is 45 kg / ha and has to be applied basally.

Potassium

Deficiency result in leaf margin drying, weak roots, chaffy grains and increased susceptibility to diseases.Apply basally 45 kg of potassium/ha.

Zinc

Deficiency symptom first appear in newly formed leaves at 20 to 30 days of age. Older leaves have yellow streaks or chlorotic striping between veins.Mix 12.5 kg of micronutrient mixer formulated by Department of Agriculture, Tamil Nadu with sand to make the quantity of 50 kg and apply over furrows or spread the mixture evenly on the flat beds in zinc deficient soils.If micronutrient mixture is not available, apply basally 25 kg zinc sulphate/ha.

Iron

Initially iron deficiency results in interveinal chlorosis. If deficiency continues entire leaf including veins exhibit chlorotic symptoms. The entire crop may exhibit bleached appearance, dry and finally die.To correct the deficiency, basal application of ferrous sulphate @ 50kg/ha. is recommended.

Biofertilizers should not be applied along with insecticides, fungicides and chemical fertilizers.Apply biofertilizers during morning hours.Biofertilizers are to be used after treatment with fungicides.

Organic manures

Introduction

The organic manures or fertilizers recommend for sorghum crop are farm yard manure and composted coir pith. They are important sources of macro and micronutrients.It is suggested that organic matter level of 5 to 6% or 2.5 to 3% organic carbon in soil will lead to sustainable crop production.Organic manures improves the soil fertility, tilth and aeration.They increase water holding capacity of soil.Stimulate the activity of micro organisms that convert the complex organic materials into simple substances that are readily absorbed by plants.The quantity and method of application is given in land preparation.

Nutrient Composition 

NUTRIENT          FYM,%  (COMPOSTEDCOIR )

Nitrogen.             0.68         1.10

Phosphorus.        0.50          0.10

Potassium.            0.38          1.20

Zinc.                           -             12.50

Iron                           -               0.09

Carbon.                  16.60         24.2

C/N ratio.              24.1          22

MEASURE:-           36.80

YIELD:-

Grain sorghum- Kharif

Varietal development:

The genotype PVT5-15 was the highest yielder with 4177kg/ha which is more than 10% improvement over the check, CSV27 (3751 kg/ha). PVT9-15 and PVT10-15 recorded more than 5% increase in grain yield over CSV27. IIMR1464 and IIMR1463 out yielded the best check, CSV27. Seven advance lines had grain yield advantage of 9-51% over CSV20.

Hybrid development:

Three hybrids, 1111A x CB43, 2714A x CB11 AND 4114A x CB11 recorded 20% increase in grain yield over the check, CSH 25. The hybrids 4114A x CB11 (GMS-5.25 score) and 2414A x CB11 (GMS-5.5) exhibited better grain mold tolerance than CSH 25 (GMS-7 score).

Parental lines:

 R lines, DSR-14-R15, DSR-14-R4, DSR-14-R23, DSR-14-R30, DSR-14-R24, DSR-14-R25 and DSR-14-R28 performed better than the best check, CSV20.Three B lines, viz., DSR-14-B3, DSR-14-B6 and DSR-14-B11 were statistically on par with the resistant check, IS18551 in terms of shoot fly dead heart percentage.

Sorghum: Diseases and Symptoms

1)Sorghum grain mould

Damage symptom:-

If rains occur during the flowering and grain filling stages, severe grain moulding occurs. The most frequently occurring genera are Fusarium, Curvularia, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Phoma. Fusarium semitectum and F.moniliforme develop a fluffy white or pinkish coloration. C. lunata colours the grain black. Symptom varies depending upon the organism involved and the degree of infection.Survival and spreadThe fungi mainly spread through air-borne conidia.The fungi survive as parasites as well as saprophytes in the infected plant debris.Favourable conditionsWet weather following the flowering favors grain mould development.The longer the wet period the greater the mould development.Compact ear heads are highly susceptible.
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2)Sorghum charcoal rot

Damage symptom:-

Charcoal rot is a major disease in the dry sorghum growing regions. The disease is particularly destructive on high yielding, sorghum that mature during hot and dry weather if the vigorously growing crop is subjected to moisture stress during the pre-flowering period. Infected stalks show an internal shredding at and above the ground line. The shredding can be observed by splitting the stalk and molting the deteriorated soft pith tissue leaving the tougher vascular strands
Survival and spreadSurvival of microsclerotia is several years in dry soil but only a few weeks in wet, saturated soils.Favourable conditionsCharcoal rot is caused by Macrophomi naphaseolina, a disease that appears in hot and dry weather.When soil temperatures are 80-95°F (27-35°C) for 2 to 3 weeks.

3)Sorghum downy mildew

Damage symptom:-

The fungus causes systemic downy mildew of sorghum. It invades the growing points of young plants, either through oospore or conidial infection. As the leaves unfold they exhibit green or yellow colouration. Abundant downy white growth is produced on the lower surface of the leaves, which consists of sporangiophores and sporangia. Normally three or four leaves develop the chlorotic downy growth. Subsequent leaves show progressively more of a complete bleaching of the leaf tissue in streaks or stripes. As the infected bleached leaves mature they become necrotic and the interveinal tissues disintegrate, releasing the resting spores (oospores) and leaving the vascular bundles loosely connected to give the typical shredded leaf symptom.
TransmissionThe primary infection is by means of oospores present in the soil which germinate and initiate the systemic infection.Secondary spread is by air-borne sporangiaFavourable conditions:Maximum sporulation takes place at 100 per cent relative humidity.Optimum temperature for sporulation is 21-230C during night.Light drizzling accompanied by cool weather is highly favourable.

4)Sorghum anthracnose

Damage symptom:-

The fungus causes both leaf spot (anthracnose) and stalk rot (redrot). The disease appears as small red coloured spots on both surfaces of the leaf. The centre of the spot is white in colour encircled by red, purple or brown margin. Numerous small black dots like acervuli are seen on the white surface of the lesions. Red rot can be characterized externally by the development of circular cankers, particularly in the inflorescence. Infected stem when split open shows discoloration, which may be continuous over a large area or more generally discontinuous giving the stem a marbeled appearance.Survival and spreadThe disease spread by means of seed-borne and air-borne conidia and also through the infected plant debris.Favourable conditionsContinuous rain.Temperature of 28-30˚C.High humidity.

5)Loose smut

Damage symptom:-

The affected plants can be detected before the ears come out. They are shorter than the healthy plants with thinner stalks and marked tillering. The ears come out much earlier than the healthy. The glumes are hypertrophied and the earhead gives a loose appearance than healthy. The sorus is covered by a thin membrane which ruptures very early, exposing the spores even as the head emerges from the sheath.
TransmissionThe pathogen is externally seed borne.Favourable conditionsOptimum environmental conditions for maximum infection include: temperatures between 20 and 25°C and slightly acidic soils favour the disease developments.

6)Rust

Damage symptom:-

The fungus affects the crop at all stages of growth. The first symptoms are small flecks on the lower leaves (purple, tan or red depending upon the cultivar). Pustules (uredosori) appear on both surfaces of leaf as purplish spots which rupture to release reddish powdery masses of uredospores. Teliopores develop later sometimes in the old uredosori or in telisori, which are darker and longer than the uredosori. The pustules may also occur on the leaf sheaths and on the stalks of inflorescence.
Survival and spreadThe uredospores survive for a short time in soil and infected debris. Presence of alternate host helps in perpetuation of the fungus.Favourable conditionsLow temperature of 10 to 120C favours teliospore germination.A spell of rainy weather favours the onset of the disease.

7)Ergot

Damage symptom:-

The disease is confined to individual spikelets. The first symptom is the secretion of honey dew from infected florets. Under favourable conditions, long, straight or curved, cream to light brown, hard sclerotia develop. Often the honey dew is colonised by Crerebella sorghivulgaris which gives the head a blackened appearance.Survival and spreadThe primary source of infection is through the germination of sclerotia which release ascospores that infect the ovary.The secondary spread takes place through air and insect-borne conidia. Rain splashes also help in spreading the disease.Favourable conditionsA period of high rainfall and high humidity during flowering season.Cool night temperature and cloudy weather aggravate the disease.

                                    BY - SARTHAK TRIPATHI